White Teeth an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

White Teeth Zadie Smith's White Teeth is a pleasantly dissonant story that extends through twenty-five years of two families' assimilation in North London. The book fittingly narrates a multi-ethnic description of London in White Teeth, as any other kind of description would not have made sense. The story blends pathos and humour, all the while illustrating the dilemmas of immigrants and new generation immigrants as they face a new, and very different social system. One can easily notice certain qualities and negativities about different cultures while they are contrasted in a different culture. Middle and working-class British cultures are also lampooned through the characters of the Chalfens and Archie. Though the story moves through different time frames, it focuses mainly on the parents and children of the culturally and ethnically diverse families. Need essay sample on "White Teeth" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Usually Tell Us: Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writers suggest: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic Essay Collage Papers For Sale Affordable Papers Review Custom Writing Service Cheap Essay Writing Service This book also investigates the concepts of human relationship. Archie and Samad remain good friends in spite of the failed relationships of their families and culture. "the kind of friendship an Englishman makes on holiday, that he can make only on holiday. A friendship that crosses class and color, a friendship that takes as its basis physical proximity and survives because the Englishman assumes the physical proximity will not continue." Magid and Millat, though real brothers, do not like eachothers ways and never become affable as they had been seperated in their childhood at their fathers stance to keep at least one of them attached to his roots. Samad wants to preserve his cultural heritage in a city like London where he sees rotten culture and values. "You would get nowhere telling him... that the first sign of tooth decay is something rotten, something degenerate, deep within the gums. Roots were what saved, the ropes one throws out to rescue drowning me, to Save their Souls." He tells Magid, "You'll thank me in the end. This country's no good. We tear each other apart in this country." While the fact is that the country where he has his roots is mired by violence. In another incidence, Magid and Millat catch Samad with Poppy; he notices their white teeth biting into two waxy apples. In this section, Samad represents Eve, biting into the forbidden fruit, named Poppy his sons teacher. In an image that amplifies S amads wrongdoing, Magid and Millat eat the apples, the very sign of original sin. Samads example prompts his children for similar transgression. Molars are the teeth that help chew the food to absorb it. The title of the section Molars implies that Magid and Millat, the two brothers are digesting what their father does and learning from it. FutureMouse is a middle character and pushes the story forward in White Teeth. FutureMouses life has been programmed and designed by Marcus Chalfen, but it escapes, apparently to map out its own life. In this sense FutureMouse has a similar drive as the other persons in the story, Magid, Millat and Irie. "No other roads, no missed opportunities, no parallel possibilities. No second-guessing, no what-ifs, no might-have-beens. Just certainty. Just certainty in its purest form." All the characters appear to look for the new dimensions in the new century life and test those as framework for tranquility and contentment. The book presents a sort of ideological break down, where post-sixties "Chalfenism" goes directly against the Islamism of Millat's KEVIN group (Keepers of the Eternal and Victorious Islamic Nation), the apocalyptic Christian conservatism of "Bowdenism" and the vegan dreams of the animal rights movement. Smith ridicules evenly all her characters, upholding a wry, slightly world-weary point of view that spares none and delivers no meticulous solution, creating instead a sort of carnival of confusion, a delight in the sheer intricacy of cause and effect that evolve the characters in the book. Smith presents three different expressions of fundamentalism, cautiously seperating them from fundamentals. In the first two, KEVIN "an extremist faction dedicated to direct, often violent action, a splinter group frowned on by the rest of the Islamic community; popular with the sixteen-to-twenty-five age group; feared and ridiculed in the press." and FATE, many members have concealed intentions. For example, Millats wants to be a gangster, and some members, such as Mo Hussein-Ishmael, join just to gain status. Similarly, Joshua and other members of FATE are involved just to get closer to either Jolie or Crispin. Thus though, they appear to be together for a declared cause, however all of them have different agendas. Smith has very intelligently exposed the reality of real life such organizations. On the other hand, Hortense and Ryan Topps believe sincerely in being Jehovahs Witnesses, and are happy living unspectacular, secluded lives with little excitement. They are real fundamentalists without any ulterior motives. Again Smith has shown the life styles of true believers. All of the types of fundamentalism in the book compare with the routine lives of Archie and Samad. The narrow views of all the fundamentalist groups are exposed at the Future mouse conference. Their only objective is to make others understand their viewpoint, and their participation with fundamentalism detaches them from each other: Millat from Magid, Joshua from Marcus, and Ryan from developing a normal relationship with a woman. In White Teeth, the writer brings up the age-old Nature/Nurture discussions, which are rooted in the biological sciences. Considering Smith's handling of the twins, Magid and Millat, one might wrap up with that she prefers nurture to nature--that is, experience over the intrinsic. While the two brothers are genetically similar, they are otherwise absolutely different. Magid is academic and respectful, while Millat is neglected and defiant. Since they are alike twins, their differences must be ascribed to their experiences: Magid's formative years in Bangladesh and Millat's at home. Smith presents another similar dichotomy with Joyce and Marcus. Joyce is a nurturer and Marcus is a believer in nature. Joyce is an avid horticulturalist and mother; she thinks she can take an errant teenager such as Millat and change him as a well-behaved person just like nurturing any of the plants. She points Millat and Irie's inadequacies due to missing of a strong father figure, implying that they wer e not nurtured properly. At the same time, she ignores her own son Joshua, and thus not cultivating him, she lets him grow "wild." Marcus symbolizes the nature side of the Nature/Nurture discussion. He dedicates his life to the proposal that altering something's nature alters it permanently. He makes sure that the FutureMouse mouse cannot flight its nature, which is to build up the cancers he plans into its genes. Archie is always leaving his most important decisions up to toss of a coin: to kill or not to kill Perret, whether Magid and Millat should join up again, and whether or not he should commit suicide. Even when he had to shoot Perret and in turn is shot in his leg from his own gun by Perret, he exclaims, "For fuckssake, why did you do that? It's tails. See? It's tails. Looks. Tails. It was tails." Since little motivates Archie to the point of taking a decision, relinquishing control of his life satisfies him. Thus, it is totally unexpected of him when he jumps in front of Millat's gun in the book's last moment. Archie's indecisive attempts of suicide and his spontaneous choice to risk his life at the Fut ureMouse conference, shows how significantly Archie builds up throughout the book. And finally, instead of leaving his decisions to a coin, Archie gambles by trusting himself. It gives him lot of contentment to know that he has truly and resolutely saved a life. Smith's multicultural cast of personalities is a cross-section of todays London. In the simplest sense, there is a blend of English, Jamaicans, and Bengalis. However, Smith is too practical in her assessments of human character to leave the issue of race and ethnicity so clear-cut. Her actors are struck up between different cultures. When Clara is a teenager she, like Millat, is fascinated by her parents' tradition. When she strays from her legacy the first time, her teeth are broken. When she wanders a second time by marrying Archie, Hortense disowns her. Millat faces similar fate when he strays from Samad's preparation for him to have traditional, Bengali views. Samad calls him a "good-for-nothing" while adoring Magid. As a reverse action, Millat becomes a militant fundamentalist. "He's a Pande deep down. And there's mutiny in his blood." Incongruously, he draws inspiration from a movie the Godfather. Therefore, rather than following Pande, he emulates Pacino. While Samad himself i s a hypocrite when he comments, "To the pure all things are pure." Magid is also wedged between cultures, but strays in the opposite direction. He finds motivation in the worldly, embracing genetic engineering as the new form of God. Irie is trapped between cultures in her very genetics, as she is Jamaican as well as English. Unlike Samad, Archie and Clara dont want to force their child to embrace a certain cultural heritage. As said in the book "A legacy is not something you can give or take by choice, and there are no certainties in this sticky business of inheritance." Other demonstrations of mixed ethnicity in the novel include Samad's restaurant, where the food is so anglicized it is no longer Indian, and O'Connell's, an Irish pub run by a Muslim from Middle East, with a manifestly American nickname. Today, Britain, and especially London, is a professed cultural collage. However, as British MP Diane Abbott says, For millions of people all over the world, Britain is the land of tradition, the Royal Family, Beefeaters, Bobbies on the beat and, above all, white people. In much of Middle America, it comes as a shock for them to hear that there any black people in Britain at all. By including English, Bengalis, and Jamaicans in her descriptions, Smith presents a true account of British diversity. Furthermore, Smith is right to recognize the racial tensions that originate from cross-cultural and cross-class relationships, inclduing Alsanas lack of trust for the Chalfens, Samads aspirations to raise his sons in Bangladesh, and Joyce Chalfens supposition that Irie cannot have inherited her understanding from her working-class parents. Abbott might even say that by writing White Teeth, Smith contributes in the movement to make Britain, a more open, more multi-racial society than ever before. And one where different races and cultural influences are beginning to be positively acknowledged and given equal respect. Infact, at the end of the book, ethnicity, cultures, class, and customs mix homogeneously. Iries daughter, symbol of the candid future, is an afro-Carribean, a white English, and Bengali. White Teeth forces the reader to question their viewpoints and judgments on racial discrimination, miscegenation, gender roles, and history. References Smith Zadie(2000); White Teeth; Hamish Hamilton; England

Thanksgiving With the Family.

Thanksgiving With the Family. Dining With the Family: Thanksgiving DinnerEvery Thanksgiving the entire family has a mustering at Grandma's house. We all rally up at Grandma's house to eat diner. She cook's everything. Like: turkey, ham, dressing, green beans, greens, potato salad, sweet potato pies, etc. It sure is heavenly. I could go for some right now.To me Thanksgiving is better than Christmas. The reason for that is Thanksgiving has the best supper. Just cause Grandma made it. Every once in a while, grandma might not feel well enough to make our Thanksgiving dinner. Therefore everyone pitches in. My mother might make the macaroni cheese. Auntie will make the splendid dressing. Robin will bake the ham, glazed with pineapples. Everyone has their favorite dish. As for everything else Grandma will make it. No one can duplicate anything that Grandma cooks.After preparation of our Thanksgiving supper, we all begin to fill with joy as we eat our delectable dinner.English: Photo showing some of the aspects of a tr. ..After we devour dinner, we all sit around and talk for hours and hours. As our food digests in our stomach making room for dessert. While eating our dessert, we babble about our family reunions and our family vacations. Everyone speaks about the old times, when we were young.Grandma brings all of this good spirit together all the time regardless of the occasion. She is my family's nucleus (Grandma). If it was not for Grandma's charming ability to keep us together, we would not be who we are today. I'm absolutely correct. The good times that our family has together are wonderful. Not everyone gets to sit around and have dinner with their family on the holidays. So, those who do should be very content for it.Time well spent with the people you love is awesome. Cherish all the...

Experience with Paramahansa Yogananda's Self Realization Fellowship Essay

Experience with Paramahansa Yogananda's Self Realization Fellowship The Lake Shrine - Essay Example On the other side were plaques with inspirational and moving scriptures on them. Statues of Mahatma Gandhi, Jesus, and Lord Buddha were some of the statues in the beautiful garden. The writings on them were uplifting and people gathered around in meditation and repentance. On joining them, I could see love among the people around courtesy of the passed on legends and what came to my mind is the philosophical saying that if you care about others you are doing good to yourself. There was a temple in the garden where individuals were taught about religion and way of living. Looking at the portraits, I came to understand that Yogananda believed that one comes to know God through intuition. All religions were in the temple who called their Gods in different names which made me meditate on the philosophical saying that there exist different Gods in different situations. The site does not only give spiritual teachings and comfort but also gives the opportunity to learn about other

Personal view of early childhood education Term Paper

Personal view of early childhood education - Term Paper Example These early ages are the most critical in the development of a child. The parents or guardians of children should take extra care of the nutritional needs, learning and emotional protection of the children. When the children grow up a bit, it is the responsibility of the children to detect any changes in the child’s behavior as it would be easier for them to detect any difference in behavior in a class with many children. Early childhood is a precious time – a true window of opportunity – that cannot be re-opened later on. Early childhood care and development leads to the formation of a healthy society because of the children are well cared of they are most likely to become responsible citizens and human beings. The Micro-system The micro-system denotes the lowest level of environment. It is the immediate environment the child adopts as he is surrounded by it from the start. When a child is in a micro-system he develops the sense of differentiating similar faces from dissimilar face. Most of the development of the child occurs in this phase of life. The micro-system of children includes people who spend more time with them, play with them and take care of them. These people can be family members the child sees everyday for example mother, father, grandparents and siblings. It also contains caregivers at home, or teachers at day cares. The behavior which the child sees from these people, he will try to adopt that behavior naturally. It will have an effect on the growth of the child. If the mother of the child is patient and calm, the child would tend to be polite and less aggressive then the children whose mothers are short tempered. In the same way if the child is hand over to teachers at daycare who use bad language the child will be tempted to learn those words and will eventually learn them. If the care takers at home do not take care of their hygiene the child would learn to be like them since he would see a friend and mentor in them as a child at that level does not know the difference between right and wrong. It is the responsibility of the parents specifically, to correct their own selves first in order to represent themselves as the role models to the children. At this level all relationships are meaningful to the child. The child would know how loves him more and how gets angry on the things he does. Children are intelligent enough to grasp languages at a faster rate at this level. Therefore, it should be made sure that children are not subjected to abusive language at such early ages. Every person has a temperament and like everyone children also have a temperament which shows in a child’s personality trait. Personality traits are inherited genetically and biologically. As a person grows, he takes control of his personality. The more encouraging and nurturing care is provided to the child, the better the child will be able to grow in mentally and physically. â€Å"The period of early childhood should be given the top most priority especially if responsible governments make decisions about laws, policies, programs and money. Even then unfortunately for the children, the society and for the nation, these years receive the least attention.† – State of the World’s Children, 2001- The Mesosystem The next system which occurs in the early development of a child is the

Admission Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Article Example Within the campuses, libraries, classrooms and laboratories are equipped with facilities that fulfil state-of-the-art technology. In the final two years of their studies, students take part in a minimum of six experiences in clinical fieldwork (NSU, 2014). Through this, they are not only exposed to practical experience in building their skills, but also potential employers and the professional environment. Further, graduates have the opportunity to proceed to masters and doctoral degrees either at NSU or other institutions. A significant inspiration comes from the therapist that has been supervising my volunteer hours, who is also a graduate of NSU. Through his guidance and support throughout the volunteer hours, it is evident that NSU produces professionals who are passionate about their work. Apart from academics, NSU offers vibrant student and faculty life throughout its campuses which include cultural activities, professional and social events, fitness and wellness clubs and, mor e importantly, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletics (NSU,

Multicultural Ethical Psychology

Multicultural Ethical Psychology Abstract: The significance of multicultural counseling is the necessity of addressing ethical issues from current and previous societal changes. A review of literature provides valuable data with respect to multicultural diversity challenging the filed of psychology today. This perspective includes social aspects regarding the implication and changes in relationship to racial, ethnic and linguist differences of multicultural counseling, that is significantly altering cooperate America, and the commitment of the American Psychological Association in meeting this challenge from an ethical perspective. In addition, a review of the APA guidelines, that interprets the goals of the practitioner providing services to a diverse population from an ethical viewpoint (American Psychological Association 2002). Including challenges of understanding other cultural beliefs, values and lifestyles, and ethical practices, which differ from western American culture (Sue, Arredondo, McDavis, 1992)? Review of Literature A review of the APA guidelines and ethical principles of cultural diversity, ethnic, racial, and the role of the practitioner in terms of multicultural competency as previously discussed by (Sue et al., 1992) with a rationale and motive of applying several criteria that assists the professional in terms of training, and education purposes of multicultural counseling. This concern is significant in terms of the shift in our society, since diversity is the focus of the need for multicultural understanding and requires changes in the philosophical method of the counseling approach. In order to provide ethical therapeutic intervention, the practitioners knowledge of other cultural beliefs, values, morals and lifestyle are necessary in providing adequate and ethical services. Certainly, this area challenges the field of psychology since diversity also brings differing behaviors that perhaps viewed as unethical according western norm. Moreover the implications of the professionals own bias es, and beliefs that conflict from an ethical perspective. The apparent need for change previously illustrated in the APA guidelines (1990) definitively represents the purpose that psychologists need to address social issues and their own biases in terms of diversity. Considering culture, race, ethnicity, or linguistic differences in western society is definitely a growing multicultural population. This shift includes addressing competencies from a socioeconomic and mental health profession the adoption and creation of the guidelines plays a significant role in promoting ethical changes in the methodology in which professionals in the field of psychology provide ethical services. In addition to the revisions adopted by the APA Code of Ethics Preamble E, goes on to further emphasize the importance of providers to address the issues of cultural diversity (American Psychological Association 2002). It also represents possible ethical misunderstandings in terms of the customary method of practice geared to the western American culture. This resea rch endeavor hopes to provide the challenges and progress in the area of multicultural service delivery in a diversified western American culture. In addition, to the ethical revisions provided by the American Psychological Association as well as the adoption of these revisions by the American Counseling Association which currently sets the competencies and guidelines of multicultural practices (APA 2002). Although, this is a marked improvement, it does not mean that the guidelines are mandatory since multicultural affiliation does not affect all professionals in the field of psychology. Considering the ethical perspectives and standards of practice mandated by the American Psychological Association (2002) Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct, it seems the area of multicultural practice continues in its western ways. Previous research alludes to the Ethical Principles of Psychologist and Code of Conduct (Ethics Code: APA, 2002) that refers to psychologists acknowle dging their biases and decreasing biases within the context of their practice. Unfortunately this practice is either not enforced or until recent years where multiculturalism in the United States increased in population (Kakkad, 2005). An example of ethical concern is the underpinnings of the guidelines in terms of multicultural context which concludes as of 2009. The guidelines are not formerly included in the code of ethics then the possibility that some psychologist may utilize this as a loop hole in terms of avoiding multicultural practices is prevalent due to the aspiration perspective. American Psychological Associations Board of Ethnic Minority Affairs (1990) guidelines whose principles are aspirational in character, suggests moral and ethical behaviors to do no harm implying respecting all persons regardless of race, ethnicity, including religious beliefs. Moreover do psychologists confuse the aspiration aspects of the guidelines with the standard code of ethical conduct, possibly diminishing its value in terms of ethical practices? Is there concern that the guidelines will in some manner dilute the APA Ethics codes (Fisher, 2003)? The preambles definition of the guidelines, are â€Å"designed to provide suggestions for the psychologist† (APA Online, p.2). These suggestions imply the relevance of practicing in a diverse society, counseling various ethnic groups, contrary these guidelines are not mandatory nor do they imply ethical consequences for the psychologist, as seen in the ethical codes of conduct. For years psychotherapy, assessments, research and testing are geared towards the Euro American culture, typically not geared for the persons of cultural diversity (Sue Sue, 2008). Sue also suggests the need of â€Å"adopting ethical guidelines† (Sue Sue, 2008, p. 63) to reflect the needs of the cultural diverse populations. Furthermore applying these guidelines to ethical codes of standards, such that further education of psychologists will become more than suggested practices, yet enforceable practices, that is eventually incorporated as a part of â€Å" licensing and credentialing standards† (Sue Sue, 2008, p. 63). The relevancy presented in previous literature regarding the necessity of changes from ethical, social, and standard of practices view point considers the implications and vulnerabilities of multicultural counseling from an oppressed and perhaps unintentional harm to persons of cultural differences seeking counseling. Understanding other cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes, in an era where implementing ethical public policy and discrimination play a major role in adaptation of other values and systems. Amalgamation of cultural differences is a focal point of inclusion as psychologists and committees review ethical standards and attitudes (Naylor, 1997). Does previous the literatures imply a significant need for more standards in the area of multiculturalism? Consider the example, of previous data regarding cultural differences in parenting children that clash with the ethical Western American ethical standards (Knapp Creek 2007). Case studies of clients and professionals in terms of differing opinions and concerns regarding cultural beliefs and conflicts. Misconceptions regarding cultural practices from a therapeutic perspective, lends to harmful and if given consideration of the ethical code, perhaps unintentional harm to the diverse client. This previous research appears to validate the need for education in the realm of multicultural systems in order to more affectively provided therapeutic intervention while remaining ethically sound. In addition, to the concerns regarding competencies and standards of traditional practices of western psychology in terms of effectively providing intervention for persons of ethnic, and linguist differences (Sue et al., 1992). During the course of my practice, I encountered an issues with a client and family from Trinidad, granted the language barrier and customs differed. Nevertheless, I tried to gain an understanding of their beliefs, rituals, and in this case parenting styles. On the other hand, providing this family with adequate intervention became vital to the success of treatment goals. The issue of multicultural difference occurred when another worker of the team reported the family to the Department of Human Services for abuse, since the client told this person that the parents spanked him. The parents clearly upset by this report nearly sued the agency, simply because this is how parents from Trinidad, discipline their children, the case was unfounded. Moreover, the other worker did not try to inform himself of cultural differences in parenting styles, which would have been a prime opportunity to engage in cultural differences and gain a better understanding of their belief system. Another example which represents the need presented in previous literature regarding the need of increasing standards for psychologist is a case of personal disagreement with respect for multicultural counseling. I recently encountered a situation that left me feeling sad that other practitioners simply want to elude the notion of multi cultural counseling. Several months ago I meant with three psychologist of a private practice, who have been in the field for over 20 years. I mentioned their interest in cultural counseling since it is a growing population here in New Hampshire. Their response shocked me; they suggested multicultural counseling is an area they chose not to include in their practice. Of course, I had to ask if clients contacted their agency what response these people got in terms of refusal due to cultural differences. They simply, replied their practice is not designed for cultural differences; clients are referred to the Boston area for counseling (though carefully not mentioning any biases). In addition, they suggested that according to APA they were not qualified or had the expertise to counsel diverse populations and would try to refer to counselors who deal with cultural diversity. Addressing APA (2003) General principle D. as psychologists utilizing reasonable judgment in terms of boundaries and competency along with expertise and limitations are expressed, yet using the lack of expertise in the scenario I presented is concerning and possibly lends to unjust practices therefore perhaps necessitating clearer guidelines and implementation of these guidelines as part of the ethical codes. Summary Summarizing the orientation of diversity involves individual understanding, experiences, and without biases interacting with diverse cultures. This includes family morals, values, and attitudes towards persons from other cultures are a crucial entity in terms of generational attitudes towards persons of race, color, and religious beliefs. Negativity and judgmental beliefs handed down from generations, is significant to the conflicts that occur in the United States. It becomes paramount that those on advisory boards and committees recognize from an ethical viewpoint and consider the need of additional implementation of ethic codes to address the growing population of diversity. Perhaps at that time further revisions of these guidelines will increase the necessity of ethical practices in the field of psychology, therefore mandating requirements as is in the ethical codes of conduct (APA 2002). If in fact as counselors, psychologists, and mental health workers refuse clients, then the c ode of ethical practices is really a falsely in terms of doing no harm to clients when in fact the guidelines appear to be a matter of choice. Kakkad, (2005) suggests that ethical challenges in the area of multicultural counseling become the â€Å"professional responsibility† (p.306) of the practitioner. Is this statement considered a slippery-slope in terms of expectations and provisions for multicultural therapeutic equality? Granted the field of psychology is experiencing some changes in terms of guidelines, yet applications continue to be the professionals choice. If ethics do not change in the near future to hold accountable the professional discourse regarding multicultural ethical practices, then the profession is diluting the values, of the ethnic society and the purpose4 for which the field stands for, of helping others. Moreover, leaving much to the discretion of the practitioner in terms of cultural diversity does not appear to be with in the moral and ethical prac tices of doing no harm to any persons seeking counseling. Recommendations One recommendation is in clarifying aspirational guidelines, which possibly need to be added to the code of ethics, as part of ethical practices in view of the growing multicultural population in the United States. In addition, further research perhaps through survey methods of psychologists who implement multiculturalism as part of their ongoing practice. Albeit, surveying private practitioners, mental health workers, and counselors in the New Hampshire area that incorporates multicultural aspects of their counseling practices. Moreover, the expectations and methodology of implementing educational training in the area of multiculturalism include within their practices on all levels in terms of diversity not only of culture, yet within the scope of their practices. Granted language barriers in some instances present with difficulties in terms of communication, not all diverse population are completely without some knowledge of the English language, especially in the United States. Fu rther research is need to address personal biases, and prejudices in terms of self-evaluation in order to become a multicultural practitioner (Hayes, 2008). The reliability of such a survey if implemented to all in the field of psychology in terms of addressing cultural biases in accordance with APA code of ethics and conduct. May provided alarming results in terms of professional ethics in the area of multicultural counseling. Further researches in this area may server as a positive method of improving education, communication as well as provide revisions of the standard APA ethical codes of conduct. References American psychological association. (2002)APA Council of Representatives. Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. [Electronic version] http://www.apa.org/pi/multiculturalguidelines.pdf APA Online (1990) APA guidelines for providers of psychological services to ethnic, linguist, and culturally diverse population [Electronic version]. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/guide.html American psychological association (2002) Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct [Electronic version]. Retrieved June 9, 2008, from: //www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. (2003) General Prnciple D. Justice. Retrieved July, 27, 2008 from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html#principle_d Fisher, C. B. (2003). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hayes, P. A. (2008). Addressing cultural complexities in practice: Assessment, diagnosis, and therapy (2nd ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. Kakkad, D. (2005). A new praxis: Psychologist emerging responsibilities in issues of social justice. Ethics Behavior, 15(4), 293-308. Knapp, S., Creek, L. V. (2007). When values of different cultures conflict: Ethical decision making in a multicultural context. Professional Psychology, 38(6), 660-666. Naylor, L. L. (1997). Cultural Diversity in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood publishing Group Inc. Sue, D. W., Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse theory and practice (5th ed.). Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling Development, 70(4), 477-486.

Race, Urban Poverty, and Public Policy Essay -- Urban Decay, Urban Poor

The problems of race and urban poverty remain pressing challenges which the United States has yet to address. Changes in the global economy, technology, and race relations during the last 30 years have necessitated new and innovative analyses and policy responses. A common thread which weaves throughout many of the studies reviewed here is the dynamics of migration. In When Work Disappears, immigrants provide comparative data with which to highlight the problems of ghetto poverty affecting blacks. In No Shame in My Game, Puerto Rican and Dominican immigrants are part of the changing demographics in Harlem. In Canarsie, the possible migration of blacks into a working/middle-class neighborhood prompts conservative backlash from a traditionally liberal community. In Streetwise, the migration of yuppies as a result of gentrification, and the movement of nearby-ghetto blacks into these urban renewal sites also invoke fear of crime and neighborhood devaluation among the gentrify ing community. Not only is migration a common thread, but the persistence of poverty, despite the current economic boom, is the cornerstone of all these works. Poverty, complicated by the dynamics of race in America, call for universalistic policy strategies, some of which are articulated in Poor Support and The War Against the Poor. In When Work Disappears, William Julius Wilson builds upon many of the insights he introduced in The Truly Disadvantaged, such as the rampant joblessness, social isolation, and lack of marriageable males that characterized many urban ghetto neighborhoods. In the class discussion, Professor Wilson argues that it is necessary to disassociate unemployment with joblessness, as the former only measures those still s... ...or-eliminating technology -- they are unlikely to be plausible policy alternatives in the current political and high-technology-oriented context. What all these analyses and policy recommendations do require is a universalistic strategy, backed by a broad-based multi-ethnic, multi-class coalition which cuts across ideological and political lines in order to address the problems of race and urban poverty at the dawn of the 21st century. Works Cited David Ellwood Poor Support Herbert Gans The War Against the Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy Notes 1 Wilson, 28. 2 Ibid, 75-8. 3 Ibid, 216-18. 4 Newman, 292-293. 5 Rieder, 79. 6 Ibid, 173. 7 These definitions of social organization are also found in Wilson, 20. 8 Anderson, 144-45. 9 Wilson, 62. 10 Ibid, 113. 11 Ellwood, 238. 12 Gans, 110-112.